Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop So where exactly does open-loop end and closed-loop begin? The line seems clear for some systems, but muddy for others. How much feedback is enough to qualify?

The first randomized phase 2 trial to evaluate outcomes for spinal cord stimulation finds an advantage for an investigational closed-loop system over open-loop.

With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid closed-loop systems* automatically regulate insulin delivery.

Should you install a closed-loop or open-loop geothermal heating and cooling system? The advantages of closed-loop can save money.

For those in the transit industry, it’s easy to get lost in the jargon. Terms like card-based, account-based, open-loop and ...

Open cooling towers expose process cooling water to the atmosphere, typically as part of a chiller system loop (see Figure 1). These open towers use an efficient, simple, and economical design. All ...

Once completed, the checklist can always be continuously improved upon based on lessons learned and other people’s input, so that reusing an open-loop system will be a cost-effective solution. For ...

Open-loop systems lack support for more flexible fare structures unless layered with complex eligibility processes or closed-loop add-ons. Technology must be built with inclusivity in mind from ...