Statistics of work can be described by the probability distribution function (PDF), Pw (W), and it is an important goal to find universal features in Pw (W) that remain unchanged within certain ...

ABSTRACT Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular the tails of the distribution, is essential for the ...

It is shown that quantum mechanics cannot be formulated as a stochastic theory involving a probability distribution function of position and momentum. This is done by showing that the most general ...

Instead, they obey a predefined, arbitrary distribution. This example of an arbitrary probability distribution function (PDF) expresses the occurrence probability of 10 values (Fig. 1).